Black Tungsten Oxide Nanofiber as a Robust Support for Metal Catalysts: High Catalyst Loading for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction

Abstract

Black valve metal oxides with low oxygen vacancies are identified to be promising for various industrial applications, such as in gas sensing, photocatalysis, and rechargeable batteries, owing to their high reducibility and stability, as well as considerable fractions of low-valent metal species and oxygen vacancies in their lattices. Herein, the nanofiber (NF) of black oxygen-deficient tungsten trioxide (WO3-x) is presented as a versatile and robust support for the direct growth of a platinum catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The nonstoichiometric, poorly crystallized black WO3-x NFs are prepared by electrospinning the W precursor into NFs followed by their low-temperature (650 degrees C) reductive calcination. The black WO3-x NFs have adequate electrical conductivity owing to their decreased bandgap and amorphous structure. Remarkably, the oxygen-deficient surface (surface O/W = 2.44) facilitates the growth of small Pt nanoparticles, which resist aggregation, as confirmed by structural characterization and computational analysis. The Pt-loaded black WO3-x NFs outperform the Pt-loaded crystalline white WO3-x NFs in both the electrochemical ORR activity and the accelerated durability test. This study can inspire the use of oxygen-deficient metal oxides as supports for other electrocatalysts, and can further increase the versatility of oxygen-deficient metal oxides.