Physicochemical Characteristics and Cellular Responses of Cooking Aerosols Generated from Protein-Rich Food Powder-Soybean Oil Mixtures under Controlled High-Temperature Conditions

초록

Cooking aerosols (CAs) are a source of indoor particulate matter, but the effects of food material composition on their physicochemical properties and cellular responses remain insufficiently characterized. This study compared CAs generated from four food powder and soybean oil mixtures, including soy, beef, soy protein and beef protein, under controlled heating at 300 and 400 degrees C. Aerosols were characterized by mass based particle size distribution, morphology, elemental composition, selected carbonyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents, and in vitro responses of A549 lung epithelial cells. CA emission rates increased substantially at 400 degrees C relative to 300 degrees C. At 300 degrees C, the collected aerosols were predominantly liquid-like, whereas 400 degrees C aerosols contained abundant carbonaceous solid particles. Beef-related mixtures generally showed higher relative abundances of carbonaceous particles and higher concentrations of selected PAHs than soy-related mixtures, particularly at 400 degrees C. Exposure of A549 cells to 400 degrees C CA suspensions was associated with reduced cell viability and altered reactive oxygen species and IL-6 responses, with stronger effects generally observed for beef-related samples. These cellular responses should be interpreted as combined effects of particle associated physical interactions and measured and unmeasured chemical constituents. Overall, the results demonstrate that the four tested food powder and soybean oil mixtures generated aerosols with distinct physicochemical characteristics and cellular effects under controlled hightemperature conditions. These findings provide a comparative basis for future studies that more rigorously separate the roles of food composition, oil decomposition, particle properties, and chemical constituents in cooking-related aerosol toxicity.

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