17세기 각필문헌 연구 - 동국대학교소장 『법화경』을 중심으로

초록

The present paper studies and analyzes the gakpil marks engraved in Byeophwagyeong, a seventeenth century publicationpreserved by Institute of Buddhist Studies at Dongkook University. Its conclusion contains basically three results, which are respectively described in detail in the present paper. Gakpil refers to letters, marks, and images engraved in the paper using tools such as ivory or sharp bamboo. Unlike brush writing, gakpil can only be read under special lighting as the engravings bear no color. First, categorizing them according to where they begin to appear, gakpil marks can be found in nine different places around the characters. Most frequently they begin in four specific corners of the characters. Next most frequently, gakpil marksbegin to appear in the left and right sides of characters. These appearances are similar to Shisei-Hakase of Shomyo, which is Japanese Buddhist music. It can be speculated that melody consists of the four tones of Chinese characters and that gakpil markswere added to note the tone dot which represents the accents in lyrics. Second, analyzing the gakpil marks according to the forms of line tips and the direction of their movements, it can be concluded that in Byeophwagyeong, the gakpil marks of upward movement were most frequently used. Third, the gakpil marks can be categorized into straight, curved, and waved. The study concludes that most of gakpilmarks (94.39%) belong to curved category. The discussed gakpil marks are also found in Gwaneumgyeong, which is Chinese Donhwang document from the tenth century. In Japan, they have been used under the name Hakase since the tenth century to make musical notation in Buddhist music. In comparing the gakpil marks found in old Buddhist music related documents of Korea, Japan, and China, one can tentatively conclude that those of Korea are the oldest. In Japan, the oldest gakpil marks are engraved in Panbiryangron, a copy from the eighth century, currently preserved at Otani University in Kyoto. The oldest gakpil document found in China, Gwaneumgyeong, is from the tenth century and Japan's Hakase began to be used also in the tenth century.

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