ScholarWorks@숙명여자대학교

초록

In contemporary Korean society, evolving gender norms, increased paternal caregiving, and flexible work arrangements have renewed focus on the disadvantages individuals face in balancing family and work roles. This study empirically examines how such penalties are linguistically constructed and reproduced. A total of 125 scale items referencing or implying penalty-related experiences were collected from domestic and international parental role measures. Using GPT-based embedding and keyword network analysis, the study identified ‘children’, ‘leave’, and ‘work’ as core keywords. These mediated a recurring semantic flow—from social expectations to emotional reactions, and ultimately to institutional constraints—revealing that penalties arise through multilayered emotional, organizational, and institutional interactions.

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