A Review of Diverse Variables Affecting Third Language Acquisition (TLA)

Abstract

For the purpose of setting the foundation for future TLA studies, this paper critically reviewed empirical research on variables having an impact on third-language (L3) acquisition. The strong influence of age was examined either exclusively or in relation to bilingualism. Next, regarding language dominance, the sample study found that the amount of L3 instruction was not very helpful to the Spanish-dominant group in terms of borrowings and lexical interventions. Additionally, the effects of L2 proficiency and L2 exposure cannot be ignored. With respect to gender, in the exemplar study, boys achieved higher English scores due to lower classroom anxiety. In addition, multiple factors were sometimes combined to gain a better understanding of the TLA. In that respect, the language distance can also add a layer. Finally, the present paper concludes with suggestions for conducting further research both in Korean and in non-Korean contexts.