Changes in levels of N-nitrosamine formed from amine-containing compounds during chloramination via photocatalytic pretreatment with immobilized TiO2: Effect of source water and pH
- Authors
- Seid, Mingizem Gashaw; Byun, Jeehye; Kim, Wooyul; Cho, Kangwoo; Hong, Seok Won
- Issue Date
- Feb-2022
- Publisher
- ELSEVIER
- Keywords
- N-nitrosamine formation potential; Pharmaceuticals; Photocatalysis; Reaction pathways; Triethanolamine
- Citation
- JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, v.424, no.A
- Journal Title
- JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Volume
- 424
- Number
- A
- URI
- https://scholarworks.sookmyung.ac.kr/handle/2020.sw.sookmyung/152928
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127398
- ISSN
- 0304-3894
1873-3336
- Abstract
- We investigated the effectiveness of photocatalytic pretreatment (PCP) of precursors in minimizing the formation potentials (FPs) of carcinogenic nitrosamines, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), and N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), during water chloramination. A steel mesh substrate with immobilized TiO2 was highly efficient at mitigating nitrosamine formation and removing targeted precursors such as ranitidine, nizatidine, trimebutine, triethanolamine, and metoclopramide. Compared to UVC/H2O2, PCP under UVA irradiation (intensity of 0.67 mW cm(-2)) was more effective for reducing nitrosamine-FPs during post-chloramination. However, the PCP efficacies varied with the water source, pretreatment pH, and irradiation time. For example, PCP of eutrophic water increased the NDMA-FPs, but produced notable reductions (up to 99%) for NDELA-and NDEA-FPs. Shorter irradiation times, up to 15 min, increased the NDELA-FP in triethanolamine, and the NDMA-FP in nizatidine and trimebutine. However, the nitrosamine-FP decreased by > 50% after PCP at a pH > 5.6, following irradiation for 120 min. Oxygen addition, N-de(m)ethylation, and N-dealkylation were responsible for decreasing nitrosamine-FPs via the destruction of key moieties; this has been elucidated by mass spectroscopy. This study suggests that PCP could be used as an alternative strategy for minimizing nitrosamine-FPs during water treatment.
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