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조맹부(趙孟頫) 산수 회화에 나타난 고의(古意)성 연구A Study on Beauty of Old Intent(古意) Paintings by Zhao Mengfu

Other Titles
A Study on Beauty of Old Intent(古意) Paintings by Zhao Mengfu
Authors
김순섭
Issue Date
Dec-2021
Publisher
인문예술학회
Keywords
Old intent(古意); Old things(高逸); Old and elegant(高古); Excellent writing or drawing(逸筆); Simple and honest(簡率); 고의(古意); 고일(高逸); 고고(高古); 간솔(簡率); 심은(心隱)
Citation
인문과 예술, no.11, pp 401 - 417
Pages
17
Journal Title
인문과 예술
Number
11
Start Page
401
End Page
417
URI
https://scholarworks.sookmyung.ac.kr/handle/2020.sw.sookmyung/152953
DOI
10.35442/hna.2021..11.401
ISSN
2384-2067
Abstract
본 논문은 14세기 조맹부(趙孟頫, 1254~1322)의 고의(古意)성 연구를 통해 그의 산수 회화 미를 밝혀보고자 한 것이다. 원나라 때에는 몽골족이 한족을 거의 백년 동안 지배했기에 한족 사대부들은 과거에 나아가지 못했고 스스로 고일(高逸)한 정신을 추구하며 시를 짓고 글씨를 쓰고 그림을 그렸다. 물론 조맹부는 남송 종실(宗室) 출신의 한족이지만 원 조정에 출사하여 한림학사승지(翰林學士承旨)의 벼슬에 올랐고 사후에 위국공(衛國公)에 봉해졌으며 문민(文敏)이라는 시호까지 받았다. 그러나 그는 원나라 조정에 충실한 것에 대해 심적인 고통도 지극히 컸었기에 한평생 수치스러워하였다. 그리하여 그는 예악 사상을 통해 도(道)를 형상화하고 미개한 통치집단의 횡포로 말미암아 쇠락해가는 한문화를 예로써 교화하고자 하는 뚜렷한 목적의식으로 자신 삶 속에서의 모순과 회한을 시(詩)·서(書)·화(畵)로 표현하였다. 이러한 삶의 배경이 조맹부가 예술에서 고의론을 추구하게 하였고 세속을 초월하는 고고(高古)한 기운을 추구하게 하였다. 조맹부가 추구한 고의론의 바탕은 삼교 합일이지만 산수화에서는 도가의 사상으로 인한 일(逸)의 기운(氣韻)이 잘 드러나고 특유의 간솔(簡率)한 미가 돋보인다. 아울러 서법의 필법이 회화에 녹아들고 그 필법은 자유롭고 기민한 리듬을 갖고 있어 원대 문인화의 개성적 심미 풍격이 발전하게 하는 토대가 되었다. 나아가 예찬(倪瓚)이 추구한 일기(逸氣)에 영향을 주었고 청대에 팔대산인(八大山人) 회화에 커다란 영향을 주었다.
This thesis tried to clarify beauty of paintings by Zhao Mengfu (趙孟頫: 1254~1322) through the theory of old intent (古意) art, his theory of aesthetics. The Han Chinese elite could not take any national examination and pursued the spirit of old things (高逸) and the hidden mind (心隱) in various places writing poems and letters and doing drawings because Mongols ruled Han Chinese for nearly a hundred years in the Yuan Dynasty. Of course, Zhao Mengfu was from the royal family(宗室) in the Southern Dynasty, but he entered the royal court of the Yuan Dynasty, became Hallimhaksaseungji(翰林學士承旨), and was raised to Wigukgong(衛國公) and received a posthumous title of Munmin(文敏). However, he was shameful and longed for the hidden mind for life because being faithful to the Yuan Dynasty caused him tremendous emotional distress. So he made contradiction and deep regret in his life the foundation of his unique art. This background made Zhao Mengfu pursue the theory of old intent aesthetics, that is the spirit of literary persons who criticize art of the time by seeking “meanings(意)” of old persons and drawings. In addition, old intent pursued by Zhao Mengfu is based on the old and elegant (高古) spirit which is revealed in his paintings and the characteristics which are not vuglar and are extraordinary or above worldly things are shown in it. And it was expressed as simple shapes due to natural beauty(自然之美) of Taoism that transcended shapes. However, the shapes in the paintings by Zhao Mengfu are simple, but they are hidden(逸) art that reveals the spirit well. And as his technique of calligraphy is expressed as excellent writing and drawings(逸筆) which are free, his unique and simple(簡率) beauty stands out. Especially, his technique of calligraphy was applied to his paintings, but it made his paintings have free and quick rhythms. And all these things were the result that aesthetic styles, ideal, and hobbies(趣味) from prosperity of literati paintings were changed. In addition, Zhao Mengfu’s old intent art had an effect on Ni Zan’s excellent spirit(逸氣) aesthetics and furthermore, Bada Shanren in the Qing Dynasty who expressed liveliness in his paintings with one simple stroke of a brush.
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