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중국 명·청 통속문학 삽화와 조선후기 미인도와의 관계A Study on the Effects of illustrations in popular literature of China’s Ming and Qing Dynasties on beauty paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty

Other Titles
A Study on the Effects of illustrations in popular literature of China’s Ming and Qing Dynasties on beauty paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty
Authors
임미현
Issue Date
Jun-2018
Publisher
숭실사학회
Keywords
미인도; 중국 명·청 통속문학 삽화; 우키요에; 신윤복; 혜원전신첩; 사녀화; 미인풍속화; Beauty paintings; Illustrations in popular literature of China’s Ming and Qing Dynasties; Ukiyo-e; Shin Yun-bok; Haewon Jeonshinchupm; Paintings of women; Genre paintings of beauties
Citation
숭실사학, no.40, pp 41 - 68
Pages
28
Journal Title
숭실사학
Number
40
Start Page
41
End Page
68
URI
https://scholarworks.sookmyung.ac.kr/handle/2020.sw.sookmyung/2041
DOI
10.16942/ssh.2018.40.6.02
ISSN
2005-9701
Abstract
조선후기 미인도는 중국에서 전래된 사녀화의 전통 아래 사실성을 바탕으로 하는 풍속화의 발달, 그리고 동시대 동아시아의 미인도의 관계 속에서 조선후기에 성립된 장르이다. 동아시아 회화의 관계성 측면에서 조선후기 미인도는 중국 사녀화와 같은 일반회화뿐만 아니라 조선으로 유입된 화보나 소설과 같이 삽화가 포함된 서적, 일본 에도시대 우키요에 등의 영향도 받았다. 특히 당시 전래된 중국의 통속문학 작품은 대중적 인기 때문에 더 넓은 독자층을 확보했고, 이에 따라 통속문학 삽화도 대중적 인지도를 넓혀 저변화되었을 것이다. 중국문학 독자의 확대와 함께 이루어진 통속문학 삽화의 대중적 파급은 화원이나 여항화가들뿐만 아니라 일반 대중의 회화인식에도 자극을 주었고 조선후기의 회화양식에도 일정한 영향을 미쳤다. 조선후기 미인풍속화에도 소재와 장면 구성이 다양한 제재로 수용되어, 이것이 단독 미인도로 이행되는데 큰 요인으로 작용되었다고 생각된다. 따라서 본 논문은 중국 명·청 통속문학 삽화와 국내에서 제작된 사녀화, 신윤복의 『혜원전신첩』을 대표로하는 미인풍속화, 조선후기 미인도를 비교·고찰하였다. 사녀화의 경우는 소재와 장면 구성, 인물의 복장 및 자세, 등장하는 기물 등에서 유사점을 보여 각종 통속문학 삽화들이 전래되어 흡사한 도상을 제공했을 것으로 추측된다. 미인풍속화의 경우에는 유흥문화, 남녀의 애정행각이라는 소재와 장면 구성, 인물배치와 자세, 채색 표현 등에서 명·청 통속문학 삽화와 공통점을 보였다. 마지막으로 조선후기 미인도는 ‘무배경의 단독 여인입상’이라는 형식적인 면과 인물의 자세, 꽃이라는 장식적 요소 등에서 명·청 통속문학 삽화와 유사하여 그 영향관계가 짐작된다. 따라서 사녀화가 통일신라시대 이후 꾸준하게 조선에 유입되었지만 ‘무배경의 단독 여인입상’ 형식의 조선후기 미인도가 18세기 말∼19세기 초에서나 발생하여 정착할 수 있었던 이유 중 한 요인은 바로 파급력이 강한 통속문학 삽화가 조선후기에 대량으로 유입되어 영향을 미쳤기 때문일 수 있다. 한편, 명·청 통속문학 삽화는 에도시대 우키요에와도 소재나 장면 구성 등에서 연관성을 보여 명·청 통속문학 삽화와 에도시대 우키요에가 동아시아회화 속에서 소통되었음을 짐작할 수 있었으며, 더불어 조선후기 미인도와 에도시대 우키요에와의 관련성도 시사해준다.
Beauty paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty is a genre established during the late Joseon Dynasty under the tradition of paintings of women introduced from China following the development of genre paintings based on realism and within the relations among beauty paintings in East Asia of the same period. From the perspective of relationship of East Asian paintings, beauty paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty were influenced not only by general paintings such as Chinese paintings of women, but also books such as art books and novels that contained illustrations and Ukiyo-e of the Japanese Edo Period. Especially, popular literary works that migrated from China at the time secured a wider readership due to public popularity and as a result, the illustrations in popular literature may have also expanded in its public perception. The public spread of illustrations in popular literature along with the expansion of Chinese literature readership stimulated the general public’s perception of paintings as well as court artists and middle-class artists and had a certain degree of influence on styles of painting during the late Joseon Dynasty. The fact that materials and spatial compositions were accepted as various topics in genre paintings of beauties during the late Joseon Dynasty is considered to have played a significant factor in transitioning into the separate genre of beauty paintings. Accordingly, this paper compares and studies paintings of women produced domestically, genre paintings of beauties represented by Shin Yun-bok’s Haewon Jeonshinchup and beauty paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty with illustrations in popular literature of China’s Ming and Qing Dynasties. Paintings of women demonstrate similarities in materials and spatial compositions, clothing and poses of the figures and objects that appear, resulting in a surmise that a variety of illustrations in popular literature were introduced and spread to offer icons in close parallels. Genre paintings of beauties display similarities to illustrations in Ming and Qing popular literature in topics of merrymaking culture and affectionate actions between men and women, spatial compositions, positioning and poses of the figures and expression of colors. Finally, beauty paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty call for further study of the relation with illustrations in Ming and Qing popular literature based on elements that bear similarities, including the form of ‘a lone woman standing without a background’, poses of the figures and the ornamental element of flowers. Therefore, despite the fact that paintings of women had been introduced to Joseon since the Unified Silla Period, one of the factors that may have affected the late Joseon Dynasty’s beauty paintings in the form of ‘a lone woman standing without a background’ to finally appear and settle in the 18th century and early 19th century could be reasoned with the mass introduction of illustrations in popular literature with considerable influence during the late Joseon Dynasty. Meanwhile, illustrations in popular literature of Ming and Qing Dynasties show correlations with Ukiyo-e of the Edo Period in terms of materials and spatial compositions, supporting presumption that illustrations in popular literature of Ming and Qing Dynasties and Ukiyo-e of the Edo Period were communicated in the paintings of East Asia and further indicating potential relations between beauty paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty and Ukiyo-e of the Edo Period.
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