고려시기 양계 병마사의 성립과 기능

Abstract

The Goryeo Dynasty sent out local officials, controled locality through them. Typical local officials was Byeongmasa(兵馬使) of Yanggyae(兩界) and Anchalsa(按察使) of southern-do(南道). Byeongmasa(兵馬使) held office for six months, sent out generally spring and autumn. Established time of Byeongmasa(兵馬使) system had connection with formation of Yanggyae(兩界). In the early years of the Goryeo Dynasty already separated Yanggyae(兩界) and southern-do(南道), separately controled. For example, The Goryeo Dynasty created Jin(鎭) and built castle in the first King(太祖) period. A result of this, Yanggyae(兩界) be formed not direction－the northwest the northeast－but administrative district. It exactly the 2th year of King Sungjong(成宗)’s reign with establishment of twenty Mok(牧). The system of Byeongmasa(兵馬使) also established at the 8th year of King Sungjong(成宗)’s reign. The system of Byeongmasa(兵馬使) made up Panbyeongmasa(判兵馬使) of the central government and Byeongmasa(兵馬使)－Jibyeongmasa(知兵馬使)－Byeongmabusa(兵馬副使)－Byeongmapangwan(兵馬判官)－Byeongmanoksa(兵馬錄事). The system of Byeongmasa(兵馬使) was controled not by Panbyeongmasa(判兵馬使) but by Byeongmasa(兵馬使). Panbyeongmasa(判兵馬使) was a nominal government post. But although Panbyeongmasa(判兵馬使) was a nominal government post, Dobyeongmasa(都兵馬使) not controled the system of Byeongmasa(兵馬使). Dobyeongmasa(都兵馬使) was rather a legislative organ, so it often conducted business of Yanggyae(兩界). The duty of Byeongmasa(兵馬使) was not only military affairs but also diplomacy, civil administration, etc. It specially said ‘Byeongmasa(兵馬使) in Yanggyae(兩界) and Anchalsa(按察使) in five Do(道)’. Byeongmasa(兵馬使) and Anchalsa(按察使) was the two great local officials in the Goryeo Dynasty. In the concrete, Byeongmasa(兵馬使) inspected and controled a local governor(守令), listened to the voice of the nation while he made a round of jurisdiction. Also he inspected a criminal case or took charge from justice to punishment. He took charge local econmt’s duty, for example collect taxes, exempt from taxes, make a survey the land, manage a farm cultivated by stationary troops, and so on.